1967-71 Waseda Anthropomorphic Pneumatically-activated Pedipulators – Ichiro Kato (Japanese)

Pouch-Type Artificial Muscle (1970) An artificial muscle, which would serve as a rotational actuator for prostheses, was developed. It was made of double boards connected by a hinge and an airtight rubber pouch the expansion of which was constrained by nylon so as to generate torque around the hinge. Dr. Ichiro Kato, the leader of …

1978 – Walking Machine – Gurfinkel & Fomin (Soviet)

Biomechanical foundations of locomotion design (1978) by V S Gurfinkel, S V Fomin,  Moscow Lomonosov State University published in 1st CISM-IFToMM Symposium, Vol 1 p. 133 see p 160 Robots and Telechirs – Thring In a study of the biomechanical principles of construction artificial walking systems, Gurfinkel and Fomin used aq system consisting of a …